The decoupling of energy-related carbon emissions from economic growth has been mostly driven by reductions of the energy intensity of GDP, which can be attributed either to changes in countries' economic structure or within-sector energy-efficiency improvements. One question is whether observed...

Energy-intensive sectors face significant challenges in meeting the goals of the new European Industrial Strategy and REPowerEU. This study aims to examine how energy consumption and energy mix in four energy-intensive sectors (primary metals; non-metallic minerals; pulp, paper, and printing;...

It is well documented that different manufacturing sectors require different amounts of energy. Primary materials conversion, e.g., iron ore and scrap into steel, limestone and sand into cement and glass, or wood and other fibers into paper, tend to be the most energy-intensive in the production...

In studying the impact of direct investment on the amount, direction, and composition of international trade we have found that the multinational firm fits uncomfortably into the usual theory of trade and capital movements. We attempt here to introduce the fact of the existence of multinational...

Reducing energy intensity and coping with climate change are important policy issues that face all countries. This study examines the impact of business cycles (recessions and expansions) on energy intensity in sixteen emerging countries in 1990-2014. We find that during periods of economic...

This paper estimates production functions with factor interaction for annual US output from 1949 to 2013 including energy Btu input with capital and labor. Interactions between the three factors are parsimoniously introduced to the error correction estimates. The findings are as follows: Fixed...

Iran economy has high energy intensity and CO2 emission compared to other peer countries. This study adopts the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI-I) method to decompose the total energy intensity changes of the Iranian economy by considering inter-fuel substitution impacts of the economic...