The WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, which entered into force in September 2025, establishes binding, multilateral rules for curbing harmful subsidies, a key factor in the widespread depletion of the world's fish stocks. This brochure looks at why the Agreement is important, which subsidies...

User rights in fisheries refer to the rights of fishers to harvest from fish resources. In terms of exclusivity, security, duration and transferability these rights can be strong or they can be weak. For this a definition of and a measure of the strength of user rights is needed. We refer to...

I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

"Since time immemorial, the Arctic has been a white spot on the map - an ocean that was largely inaccessible for humanity. Until the very recent past, humanity was compelled to accept this inaccessibility, plain and simple. Literally, the Arctic has been white due to a metres thick permanent ice...

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of the EU carding system for IUU fishing on its trading partners carded for illegal fishing practices, with the purpose of analyzing the extent to which the carding system affected trade between the EU and third countries identified and penalized for...