This paper examines the responses of Indigenous nations and European companies to new trading opportunities: Cree nations and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), and Khoe nations and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). This case study is important because of the disparate outcomes: within a few...

In this study, I implemented data scraping and textual analysis to parse corporate data from the 10-K filings on SEC EDGAR. Textual analysis is used to measure a company’s risk aversions and hedging strategies when confronted with exchange rate exposures. I selected data of trading companies...

Historians explain the eighteenth-century origin of European colonialism in Asia either with the profile of the merchants or an argument about uneven power. This Element suggests that the environment was an important factor, too. With India (1600-1800) as the primary example, it says that the...

"Empire of Labor tells the story of how hired workers experienced and responded to the rise to power over the long eighteenth century of the English East India Company (EIC), which perennially hired thousand of people in and around its settlements in Bengal. Focusing on boatmen and silk reelers...

Inequality in different forms has existed throughout history, however, with the passage of time, there is increasing awareness of its human cost even when there is little agreement on the causes of inequality or the strategies that may be adopted to address it. This chapter focuses on factors...