This paper estimates the causal effect of financial constraints on the short-term performance of Finnish SMEs using survey data from 2016-2024 and propensity score matching (PSM). We examine six outcomes: turnover, employment, investment, profitability, solvency, and innovation, and report...

A key challenge for the post-COVID-19 global economy is whether the disproportionate impact of the crisis on informal workers, who form the majority of the world’s workforce, will be acknowledged or whether harmful and negative stereotypes will persist. Today, despite the role of these...