Parallel imports are genuine products imported into the United Kingdom without the consent of the intellectual property (IP) rights holder, often taking place when there is a price or availability difference between markets. Parallel import restrictions (PIRs) allow producers to control...

The rapid growth of international retail e-commerce has drawn scrutiny to the US de minimis rule, which exempts low-value imports from tariffs. This paper analyzes how the rule shapes the small-value e-commerce trade. We examine whether tariff increases during the 2018-2019 US-China trade war...

This Policy Brief examines economic expertsʼ expectations about the macroeconomic effects of import tariffs and trade policy uncertainty, based on the 2025Q2 and 2025Q3 waves of the Economic Expert Survey (EES). The survey collected responses from over 600 economists across EU member states and...

The Indonesian government faces a persistent conundrum: on one hand, it wants to help industries access affordable raw materials, including through imports. On the other hand, it faces pressure to protect domestic farmers and industries. To address this challenge, the Indonesian government...

We estimate the macroeconomic effects of import tariffs and trade policy uncertainty in the United States, combining theory-consistent and narrative sign restrictions in Bayesian SVARs. We find mostly adverse consequences of protectionism, in aggregate and across sectors and regions. Tariff...