The HCI+ measures how effectively a country builds human capital, tracking the likelihood that children today will grow into healthy, educated, and productive adults. It integrates measures from three dimensions of human capital—health, education, and employment—into one index using...

The World Bank launched the Human Capital Index (HCI) to highlight the importance of investments in human capital and to benchmark key components of human capital across countries. This HCI is an international metric that measures the amount of human capital a child born today can be expected to...

We propose a quantitative framework to track systemic risk arising from cyber vulnerabilities of the U.S. financial system. Synthesizing financial, economic, cyber, and network data that covers thousands of financial institutions and technological firms, we develop an index that tracks...

This study examines the efficiency and productivity of public education expenditure in 20 countries using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist Productivity Index over the period 2011-2023. Focusing on science and mathematics performance at the primary and lower-secondary levels, the...

In recent decades, the international community has recognized the need to measure poverty more comprehensively, by incorporating various dimensions of well-being. More than half of Latin American countries have developed official multidimensional poverty indices, which are essential for...

Small and young businesses are essential for job creation, innovation, and economic growth. Even most of the superstar firms start their business life small and then grow over time. Small firms have less internal resources, which makes them more fragile and sensitive to macroeconomic conditions....