Background Mongolia introduced liver transplantation 10 years ago, becoming the 46th country globally to successfully perform this procedure. However, the cost of liver transplantation treatment remains expensive in Mongolia, a lower-middle-income country. Thus, the need to calculate the cost of...

Determining which ports to call at in a maritime loop is considered as an important determinant factor for shipping companies which impacts not only on efficiency, and productivity but also on transportation costs. The port selection process becomes more challenging and sensitive if the market...

Background: This study investigates the vital significance of logistical cost optimization within the residual woody biomass supply chain, aiming to boost both sustainability and the efficient uti-lization of this resource. There is an emphasis on how adept cost management can determine the...