The theory of ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) suggests that there exists an asymmetric transfer of biophysical resources from the periphery to the core. Despite ample evidence demonstrating this fact, the theory fails to account for the complex role of the semi-periphery, or how global...

We estimate potential regional industrial effects in case of a threatening gas deficit. For Germany, the reduction leads to a potential decrease in industrial value added by 1.6%. The heterogeneity across German states is remarkable, ranging from 2.2% for Rhineland-Palatinate to 0.7% for...

Network linkage is important in evaluating macroeconomic performance since input‒output networks across industries are asymmetric and respond differently to external shocks. While most studies implicitly assume elastic substitution between intermediates and factors using Cobb‒Douglas models,...

South Korea's Seoul metropolitan area accounts for more than half of the country's GDP and population. This phenomenon is exacerbating annually. Regions outside the metropolitan area of Korea are not only decreasing in terms of economic size, but are also becoming more dependent on the...