Against the backdrop of a renewed Russian energy geopolitics in natural gas and the imperative to decarbonize Europe's energy system, this chapter makes three central points. First, the 2022 energy crisis prompted the EU to recalibrate energy policy priorities, suggesting that the bloc may be...

Over the last century, the Nordic countries have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for reinvention, radically restructuring their economies and transforming their societies to tackle grand challenges. This chapter attributes their flexibility to neo-corporatism, or institutionalized cooperation...

This chapter traces the evolution of natural gas market regulation in the European Union, focusing on the three Gas Directives and the development of the Gas Target Model (GTM) and network codes. Each section examines not only the key regulatory measures introduced (such as market opening,...

The past decades have seen a normative turn in a number of policy areas, including research and innovation (R&I) policies. One way to implement a more directional type of policy is through mission-oriented policies. The European Union (EU) has embraced this policy approach by making it a major...