In this paper, we examine energy demand in a group of Latin American regions using a fractional integration approach. Employing annual data from 1965 to 2023 on primary energy consumption in exajoules (EJ) and per capita consumption in gigajoules (GJ), we investigate the persistence and...

In this article, daily CO2 emissions for the years 2019-2022 are examined using fractional integration for Brazil, China, EU-27 (and the UK), India, and the USA. According to the findings, all series exhibit long memory mean-reversion tendencies, with orders of integration ranging between 0.22...

The process of transition and growth in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) provides interesting insights, considering the countries' historical relationship with the Soviet Union. The 20 years after the Eastern enlargement of the European Union show an integrative power within the Single Market....