This paper focuses on the application of EU competition law to regulated network industries. It does so by discussing the 2015 ruling of the General Court in the Orange Polska case, which confirmed the imposition of a fine of over EUR 127 million on the Polish incumbent for engaging in a...

This paper examines the way that cartel behaviour may be sanctioned under the new Hong Kong Competition Ordinance, and assesses whether such punishment is suitable to efficiently deter this kind of anti-competitive activity. The legislation, adopted in 2012, has introduced an array of sanctions...

Hong Kong has only had cross-sector competition law since 2015, but the city’s telecommunications markets have been subject to sector-specific antitrust provisions for over two decades. The importance of nurturing an efficient, innovative, and competitive telecoms industry for Hong Kong’s...

The 2009 decision of the EU Commission imposing a €1.06 billion fine on Intel, and the subsequent judgment of the General Court (GC) upholding the decision on appeal have sparked an intense debate with contributions of exceptional quality from all standpoints. The undisputed pinnacle of the...

On 23 June 2016, the people of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a historic referendum. This paper is a reflection on the wider implications of the result, the adequacy of deciding such technical matters through direct democracy means, and the problems related to the...

Antitrust and competition law have grown dramatically in importance and significance over the last fifty years. US antitrust law has been the principal source of inspiration for jurisdictions wishing to introduce regulation to control cartels and monopolization, and antitrust regulation has now...

This paper explores value of fairness as a goal of competition law. It contrasts the developments in the US, where non-economic goals are largely discarded by the prevailing antitrust thinking, with those in the EU and China, where the pursuit of fair competition has been explicitly acknowledged...

This paper explores the concept of vertical restraints or restrictions. It includes references to the competition law regimes of the European Union (EU), United States (US), and the People's Republic of China, as well as the key case law. It is part of the Concurrences' Global Dictionary of...