An important challenge of the financial theory in recent years is to construct more sophisticated models which have consistencies with as many financial stylized facts that cannot be explained by traditional models. Recently, psychological studies on decision making under uncertainty which...

Although research involving economic time series forecasting based on virtual market models is frequently conducted, long-term forecasting is difficult due to many factors that affect actual markets. However, as exemplified by the business cycle and Elliot Wave theories in economics, it is...

In pricing for European option Black–Scholes model has been widely used in various fields in which the model can be applied under appropriate conditions. In this paper, we discuss a binary option, which is popular in OTC (Over the Counter) market for hedging and speculation. In particular,...

In this paper, we analyze the N-motor model based on the Flashing Ratchet model. There are two types of models. One of them consists of the Langevin equation and the other consists of the Fokker–Planck equation. By using the former equation, we calculate the velocity of N-motor models, and...