This article examines differences in the labor force participation rates of black and white married women using a micro-level data set describing low-income Chicago families in 1925. The higher participation rate of black women in the sample is explained in part by higher annual earnings of...

In 1983, 81 percent of white male full-time workers participated in employer-supported health plans and 54 percent in employer-supported pension plans. White full-time females, in contrast, participated at the rates of 71 percent and 43 percent. This study measures the unexplained portion of...

Using data from a financial services firm, the determinants of salary growth are estimated in a two-stage model with special attention given to the roles of gender and race. While the analysis reveals no overt bias in salary growth decisions, there is evidence of institutional bias within one...

Sexual discrimination in labor hiring was measured using a controlled experimental approach. Carefully-matched pairs of written applications were made in response to advertised job vacancies in the Australian State of Victoria. Statistically significant discrimination against females was...

The extent to which ethnic discrimination affected the employment opportunities of immigrants at the turn of the century is a topic of continuing interest to economic historians. While some studies find that immigrants did experience occupational crowding, the evidence regarding the general...

Relying on 1986 and 1993 Bulgarian cross-sectional household surveys, the essay examines evidence of a decrease in gender earnings differentials in the country's transition to a market economy. Women's gains in the early transition are due to both changes in the relative returns to skill and...

In model presented in this paper, once one allows for effort variability that is positively related to labor compensation, relatively low wages that are a product of labor market discrimination can persist over time even in a world of perfect product market competition. Low wage labor is no...

A unique employer-level data set is used to provide insight not only to the degree of discrimination that may exist , but also to the source of that potential discrimination. Results from decomposing individual wage equations indicate that, as legislatively defined, employers do not appear to be...

This study provides a test of Becker's hypothesis that wage discrimination within an industry depends on the degree of market competition by analyzing earnings in a deregulated transportation sector--the motor bus industry. The empirical findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that...