Various types of policy instruments have been implemented to reduce local and global emissions, but the impact on innovation of different instruments has received less attention. This paper reviews empirical studies of the innovation impact of four main types of policy instruments in two...

Reversibility and irreversibility are poorly defined in the decision-making literature. Defining reversibility as “the ability to maintain and to restore the functional performance of a system” is consistent with thermodynamics; specification of its crucial terms is case dependent....

Many scholars analyze the Kyoto-Copenhagen process, and offer corrective suggestions for identified flaws in the present design. Based on various proposals in the literature, this article adopts a global master-plan perspective, leaving executive architecture to sovereign participants....