Supplier reliability is a key determinant of a manufacturer’s competitiveness. It reflects a supplier’s capability of order fulfillment, which can be measured by the percentage of order quantity delivered in a given time window. A perfectly reliable supplier delivers an amount equal to the...

We study the Cournot competition between two supply chains that are subject to supply uncertainty. Each supply chain consists of a retailer and an exclusive supplier which has random yield. We examine how the levels of supply uncertainty and competition intensity affect the equilibrium decisions...

Fuzzy portfolio selection has been widely studied within the framework of the credibility theory. However, all existing models provide only concentrated investment solutions, which contradicts the risk diversification concept in the classical portfolio selection theory. In this paper, we propose...

We investigate a dominant retailer’s optimal joint strategy of pricing and timing of effort investment and analyze how it influences the decision of the manufacturer, the total supply chain profit, and the consumers’ payoff. We consider two pricing schemes of the retailer, namely, dollar...

Cost effectiveness is central to the air freight forwarders. In this work, we study how an air freight forwarder should plan its cargo loading in order to minimize the total freight cost given a limited number of rented containers. To solve the problem efficiently for practical implementation,...

Airlines commonly experience the problem that the sum of freight forwarders’ orders exceeds the airline's fixed capacity for hot-selling routes, while the orders are usually 50 percent for underutilized routes. Airlines cannot dynamically change flights to address the imbalance, since they...