We analyze minute by minute equity price data from 1 August 2005 to 31 October 2008 to study the relationship between the three sources of systematic risk in Fama and French's (1993) model and the market's expectation of total risk as represented by the VIX (the “fear factor”). Our findings...

Pettengill, Sundaram, and Mathur (1995) respond to the prima facie failure of the standard CAPM and propose a conditional beta model by segmenting the market into two states – up markets (where the market excess return rm–rf is positive) and down markets (where rm–rf is negative). We...