Policy makers have often argued that an additional benefit of facilitating early retirement is that it creates employment for the young. This may happen if older and younger workers are substitutes. Nowadays policy makers’ goals are to discourage early retirement to counter the economic...

This paper examines the association between lifetime income and old age mortality risk, referred to as the income-mortality gradient, in Italy during the 1980s and 1990s. We extend the literature by estimating the income-mortality gradient using Cox proportional hazard models, where the...

We investigate how early life circumstances — childhood health and socioeconomic status (SES) — are associated with labor market outcomes over an individual's entire life cycle. A life cycle approach provides insights not only into which labor market outcomes are associated with adverse...

This paper analyzes the impact on fertility of changes in national expenditure for family allowances, maternity and parental leave benefits, and childcare subsidies. To do so, I estimate a model for the timing of births using individual-level data from 16 Western European countries supplemented...

We use probabilistic survey questions to analyze the determinants of individuals’ expected value of and the uncertainty in the retirement income replacement rate. We find that the expected replacement rate is U-shaped in age and is substantially lower for highereducated individuals....