Ion channels are protein molecules found in biological membranes, which can assume distinct open and closed conformational states, a phenomenon called ion channel kinetics. The transitions from one state to another are dependent on the potential energy barrier that separates them and can be...

Most chemotherapeutic treatments use drugs that target proliferating cancer cells. Therefore, they do not affect quiescent cells which are naturally resistant. Surviving cancer cells can reactivate their cell cycles in the intervals between doses, becoming proliferative again and thus restarting...

We present a nonlinear ordinary differential equation model of the conflict between two actors, who could be individuals, groups, or nations. The state of each actor depends on its own state in isolation, its previous state in time, its inertia to change, and the positive feedback (cooperation)...