Economic integration lowers one form of trade costs, tariffs and stimulates changes in other trade costs. This paper offers a model in which integration may raise or lower the important trade cost associated with insecurity. The model can help to explain the varied experience with integration...

type="main" xml:id="twec12138-abs-0001" <title type="main">Abstract</title> <p>The demand for accountability in ‘Aid-for-Trade’ (AFT) is increasing but monitoring has focused on case studies and impressionistic narratives. The paper reviews recent evidence from a wide range of studies, recognising that a multiplicity of...</p>

type="main" xml:id="twec12117-abs-0001" <title type="main">Abstract</title> <p>Studies on innovation and international trade have traditionally focused on manufacturing because neither was seen as important for services. Moreover, the few existing studies on services focus only on industrial countries, even though in many...</p>

Two aspects of global imbalances - undervalued exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds - require a multilateral response. For reasons of inadequate leverage and eroding legitimacy, the International Monetary Fund has not been effective in dealing with undervalued exchange rates. This paper...

This paper assesses the quantitative importance of electronic commerce in trade and tariff revenue, in light of the WTO decision on 'duty-free cyberspace'. Electronic commerce is likely to boost international trade in software, digitizable media products (music, books) and many services sectors...