This note examines one of the most commonly used techniques for generating resources from employers - payroll levies. In many countries payroll taxes on enterprises (with reimbursement for training undertaken) have become a significant source of financing for skills training, both in specialized...

Public Employment Services (PES) in industrialized countries have traditionally provided job-brokering services - arranging for jobseekers to obtain jobs and employers to fill vacancies. Increasingly, they also administer unemployment benefits and provide for the delivery of labor market...

Over the past 40 years, "active" labor market programs (ALMPs) have emerged as an important employment policy tool. Their objective is primarily economic - to increase the probability that the unemployed will find jobs or that the underemployed will increase their productivity and earnings....