Researchers studying innovation increasingly use indicators based on patent citations. However, it is well known that not all citations originate from applicants - patent examiners contribute to citations listed in issued patents - and that this could complicate interpretation of findings in...

An essential aspect of catching up by developing countries is the emulation of technological leaders and the rapid accumulation by individuals and organizations of the knowledge and capabilities needed in order to sustain processes of technical learning. The rates and patterns of development of...