We study the relation between initial IPO underpricing and two-tier board structure in the Vienna Stock Exchange of Austria, where a two-tier board is mandatory for listed companies. The board ratio, defined as the size of the supervisory board to the management board, is used to capture the...

This paper examines transmission of shocks between the U.S. and foreign markets to delineate interdependence from contagion of the U.S. financial crisis by constructing shock models for partially-overlapping and non-overlapping markets. There exists important bi-directional, yet asymmetric,...