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What costs is it worth incurring to avoid the risk of climate change? People rarely think of this as a question amenable to a precise answer. Yet an answer can be calculated: it depends on the following four parameters (at least). These are (1) the probability distribution of the effects of...
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In this paper it is shown how a general two-sided orthant probability for a quadrivariate normal distribution can be evaluated by a one-dimensional numerical integral calculation. The quadrivariate normal distribution can have any covariance matrix and any mean vector. This affords a practical...
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A two-step infinite α-cuts fuzzy linear programming (TSIFP) method is developed in this study. The introduction of infinite α-cuts to conventional fuzzy linear programming frameworks makes it possible to generate more reliable optimal results than conventional fuzzy linear programming, where...
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