discrepancies between EU countries: countries with the same levels of house-price overvaluation have adopted very different … the next recession or reducing its impact, we argue that EU policymakers need to be better prepared to use discretionary …

countries are overrepresented. This is desired in the EU treaties. But the EU treaties also emphasise the importance of equality … and equal treatment of citizens by EU institutions. Inequality of representation in the European Parliament has been … representation and distribution of seats to countries. We do so within the constraints set by the EU treaties. • One option would be …

Africa’s population is projected to reach almost 2.5 billion by 2050. Migration from Africa to the EU is relatively … stable, at around 500,000 migrants per year, or 0.1 percent of the EU population, yet irregular immigration into the EU has … make them natural partners for the EU. The region is diverse but political instability has been a common feature that in …

overall financial intermediation. In the EU, much of fintech is concentrated in the United Kingdom. We argue that policymakers … EU’s financial system? Getting the answers to these questions right at an early stage of market development would be an …

across and within EU countries. It is estimated that remaining non-tariff obstacles, in particular in services sectors, limit … intra-EU trade to a level about four times smaller than the intensity of trade between US states. By completing the single … market, the EU could generate significant income gains. However the more straightforward steps have already been taken, so …

The European Green Deal is a plan to decarbonise the EU economy by 2050, revolutionise the EU's energy system … repercussions. The Green Deal will affect geopolitics through its impact on the EU energy balance and global markets; on oil and gas …-producing countries in the EU neighbourhood; on European energy security; and on global trade patterns, notably via the carbon border …

This Policy Contribution, based on a note written for the Bundestag EU Committee, explores the possible consequences of … a no-deal Brexit for the European Union and assesses preparations on the EU side. It also provides guidance on the … optimal strategy for the EU, depending on the choices made by the United Kingdom. Overall, a no-deal Brexit would be …

The EU is a relatively open economy and has benefited from the global multilateral system. We argue that the EU should … agreement is also essential. Third, the EU must be reformed to increase its external credibility. The Singapore ruling has …