liquidity and operate the payments system. Reform advocates noted that banking panics tended to occur at times of the year when … national banks were much less dependent on correspondent banks for seasonal liquidity and that peaks in lending by individual … Reserve Banks aligned with the liquidity needs of banks in their districts. Further, the article shows that after the Fedâ …

during the 19th century to facilitate interregional payments and flows of liquidity and credit. Vast sums moved through the … the system's resilience to solvency and liquidity shocks and whether these shocks might have been contagious. We find that … the interbank system became more resilient to solvency shocks but less resilient to liquidity shocks as banks sharply …