Alfred Marshall’s methodological essay, “The Present Position of Economics” (1885). The radicalapproach identifies the … world. Marshall’s methodology places the relationship between theory and empiricaltools on center stage. In North America …

We examine Ralph W. Souter's defence, in the 1930s, of Marshall's Principles against Robbins' attempt to recast … economics as a 'purely formal science of implications'. Souter elaborated on Marshall's invocations progressively to increase … the realism of economic science and contrasted this perspective on Marshall with Robbins' atomistic bias, neglect of …

on Keynes's place in its history, suggesting that these stem from a particular and debatable understanding of how the … subdiscipline has evolved. It considers some implications for today's awkward economic facts of aspects of Keynes' General Theory … that the questions about co-ordination that Keynes addressed, not to mention some of his answers, are well worth revisiting. …