lognormal population. The four statistical methods were: (i) the geometric mean (GM), (ii) a bias-corrected form of the …

2SPS and 2SRI for logistic binary outcomes have not been thoroughly studied. We study the bias and variance properties … trial. We first present closed form expressions of asymptotic bias for the causal odds ratio from both 2SPS and 2SRI … approaches. Our closed form bias results show that the 2SPS logistic regression generates asymptotically biased estimates of this …

It is well-known that bias such as lead-time and length distort studies of screening efficacy whether survival or … incidence is of interest. A third bias, usually called overdiagnosis bias, occurs when an individual is only diagnosed with … disease before death from a different cause because he/she is screened. These forms of bias can also arise in observational …

bias preventive approach developed by Firth (1993) to handlethe bias of an estimator of the log-odds ratio parameter in … conditional logistic regression bysolving a modified score equation. The resultant estimator not only reduces bias but alsocan …