Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of international trade companies in the Kurdistan Region. This is crucial evidence that the Kurdistan Region can influence the world economy and politics. The economic integration between the Kurdistan Region and Eurozone countries is...

The election of Bassirou Diomaye Faye as President of Senegal on March 24, 2024, after a turbulent electoral process, reflects the resilience of Senegal's democratic institutions. It provides an opportunity to strengthen transparent governance and combat inequality. It was the first time since...

The election of Bassirou Diomaye Faye as President of Senegal on March 24, 2024, after a turbulent electoral process, reflects the resilience of Senegal's democratic institutions. It provides an opportunity to strengthen transparent governance and combat inequality. It was the first time since...

In a multi-product Melitz model, we demonstrate that after a drop in domestic trade costs, the cost savings on the shipping of domestic intermediate inputs dominate the pressure from increased competition, thus aiding surviving domestic firms in increasing the number of export varieties. The...

Algeria has joined the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA), one of the largest common markets in the world. The aim of this paper is to examine the obstacles facing its economy and preventing it from benefiting from these advantages. It also highlights the measures that Algeria can take...

Using a simple duopolistic trade model with demand uncertainty and an identical traded product, we show that we can view trade in goods as implicit exports/imports of risk and risk aversion. Specifically, we show that a relatively “risk-aversion abundant” country is more likely to be a net...

Geoeconomic fragmentation—the phenomenon of international transactions being increasingly restricted to politically aligned partners—creates risks for individual countries but also opportunities that some hope to seize by becoming “connector” countries. We formalize the concept of...