Leading by example is considered as an important means to influence followers and to increase team performance. In most organizations, however, leading by example does not come alone. To influence followers, leaders simultaneously use a variety of instruments. Most frequently, leaders possess...

Leading by example is considered an important means to influence followers. In most organizations, however, to influence followers, leaders use a variety of instruments. Most frequently, leaders possess the power to administer rewards or punishments to team members. Do individual rewards or...

In a public goods experiment, leaders with reward or punishment power induce higher team cooperation compared to leader-free teams without any reward or punishment possibilities. When equipped with reward or punishment instruments, however, leader-free teams perform as well as teams with...

Leading by example and the provision of incentives are considered as two important means to influence teammates’ behavior and increase team cooperation. How do these two aspects of leadership interact with each other? Do incentives reinforce leading by example, or do they even weaken its...

Many situations in the social and economic life are characterized by rivalry and conflict between two or more competing groups. Warfare, socio-political conflicts, political elections, lobbying, and R&D competitions are all examples of inter-group conflicts in which groups spend scarce and...