The ‘environmental Kuznets curve' (EKC) refers to an inverted-U-shaped relationship between some pollutant level and per capita income, i.e., the environmental quality deteriorates at early stages of economic growth and subsequently improves at a later stage. Since the early 1990s, a...

Previous studies have suggested that some pollutant levels first increase due to the economic growth and then start decreasing, the pattern being called the "environmental Kuznets curve" (EKC). We examine EKC-type transitions of pollutant levels not with respect to economic growth but more...

We advance a model of the tradable permit market and derive a pricing formula for contingent claims traded in the market in a general equilibrium framework. It is shown that prices of such contingent claims exhibit significantly different properties from those in the ordinary financial markets....