In this paper we develop a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium overlapping generations (OLG) model with health as a durable good to study the life-cycle behaviors of health care spending and financing. We show that a calibrated version of our generalized Grossman model is able to match the...

The paper is a primer on EU VAT. It explains the notion of territory, taxable Person, Taxable Transaction, Place of Taxable Transaction, Chargeable event, Taxable Amount, Tax Rates, Exemptions, Deductions and Persons liable for payment of tax

The paper explains why VAT is replacing the old cascading sales tax system all over the world because of the competitive advantage it offers to nations. The paper also goes into other strategic considerations such as the preference of VAT taxation over VAT exemption, and the use of lower VAT to...

Reliance on established macroeconomic thinking is not of much use in trying to understand what to do in response to the constellation of forces driving up inflation in these times of COVID-19 and war. This paper attempts to reduce the heat and turn up the light in the debate on the return of...

We estimate the effects of government consumption and investment shocks during prolonged episodes of low interest rates, which we consider as proxy for the effective lower bound. Using a panel VAR model for 17 advanced countries, in which we include real government spending, output, inflation,...

Arabic Abstract: تناولت الورقة دور التمويل الأصغر في تطوير المشروعات الصغيرة ، مطلب أساسي في ظل الظروف الراهنة وتهدف إلى دراسة دور التمويل الأصغر في تطوير المشروعات...

Arabic Abstract: يعاني القطاع الزراعي السوداني كثيرا من التعقيدات التي تحد من قدراته وتحيط بالعملية الزراعية كثير من العوامل المتداخلة منها ماهو مرتبط بالخطط والبرامج...

The Agricultural Bank of Sudan ABS is considered as the main supplier for agriculture financing. However, in the past ten years there were continuous decrease in finance volumes for the agricultural sector of the country which was reflected in diminishing productivity of food and cash crops. The...

This paper focuses on the debt build-up that frontier low-income developing countries (LIDCs) have faced since 2012. First, it documents a 20-percentage point increase in the external and government debt-to-GDP ratios, a composition shift toward higher non-concessional debt, and a rise in...

Productivity growth has flat-lined in most economies despite rapid advances in technology. Economists suggest competing explanations for this paradox. Some argue the current stagnation will persist given deep structural challenges, arguing that recent technological advances are no match for...