Author challenges one of the oldest accounting double bookkeeping rules, used since 1494, and proposes instead application of the quadruple accounting entry. He presents the concept of the multiply accounting entry for the risk financial statements and risk management. The development gap...

This paper discusses the issues relating to the asymetrical transfer of the long term contracts risk into insurance companies. Author outlines the key auditing issues linked to the excessive risk assets and excessive risk liabilities. There is a short discussion on the actuarial report gap...

The paper presents the methods for auditing and disclosing the jubilee and retirements provision. The accounting treatment and risk assessment is presented. A simplified example illustrates the discussed issue

The paper examines the need for introduction of the materiality limits for actuarial calculations; it discusses the different needs for reports users. Author in details outlines the issues linked with the services of the independent actuary for derivatives users of the actuarial calculation

This paper outlines practical issues regarding the application of the long term contracts for Polish accounting environment. A review of the auditing methods and its application for the derivatives and multi-periods treatment was examined. The tax and accounting reference gap has been discussed

The article presents the initial proposal for the group risk measurement based on the comparison of two interconnected sets of webs. The risk scalar has been presented both for each separated subsidiary as well as for the group itself. It was shown the risk profile of the group could be...