In this study, we examined the mortality and fertility effects of the early health-insurance programs sponsored by several European governments in the course of the demographic transition. Three sets of effects were hypothesized, and tested with data for five countries, covering the 1875-1913...

We develop an empirical model of the interaction of rural fertility and ruralurban migration which incorporates the effects of landholding patterns. Crosssection data for 26 developing countries are used to test the model. The statistical results support the hypothesis of a positive relationship...

<DIV>The first public orphanage in America, the Charleston Orphan House saw to the welfare and education of thousands of children from poor white families in the urban South. From wealthy benefactors to the families who sought its assistance to the artisans and merchants who relied on its charges as...</div>

Railroad contingency planning is linked up with an elaborate government network including the Departments of Transportation, Defense (principally the Joint Chiefs of Staff). Justice, Commerce, and Energy and the Interstate Commerce Commission. The railroads have played a key role in the response...