This paper focuses on the application of EU competition law to regulated network industries. It does so by discussing the 2015 ruling of the General Court in the Orange Polska case, which confirmed the imposition of a fine of over EUR 127 million on the Polish incumbent for engaging in a...

Hong Kong has only had cross-sector competition law since 2015, but the city’s telecommunications markets have been subject to sector-specific antitrust provisions for over two decades. The importance of nurturing an efficient, innovative, and competitive telecoms industry for Hong Kong’s...

Antitrust and competition law have grown dramatically in importance and significance over the last fifty years. US antitrust law has been the principal source of inspiration for jurisdictions wishing to introduce regulation to control cartels and monopolization, and antitrust regulation has now...

This paper explores value of fairness as a goal of competition law. It contrasts the developments in the US, where non-economic goals are largely discarded by the prevailing antitrust thinking, with those in the EU and China, where the pursuit of fair competition has been explicitly acknowledged...

This paper explores the concept of vertical restraints or restrictions. It includes references to the competition law regimes of the European Union (EU), United States (US), and the People's Republic of China, as well as the key case law. It is part of the Concurrences' Global Dictionary of...

The proliferation of competition law has led to the emergence of a myriad of new antitrust regimes, most of which have less than 25 years of enforcement experience. Young jurisdictions display an inclination to adopt leniency programs, an investigative tool used in veteran antitrust systems...