Water and energy are two of the most important topics on the international environment and development agenda. The social and economic health of the modern world depends on sustainable supply of both energy and water. Many areas worldwide that suffer from fresh water shortage are increasingly...

The reduction of energy consumption constitutes one of the major thrust areas of research in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants. The cost of energy in the SWRO process is usually about 30–50% of the total production cost of water and can be as much as 75% of the operating...