China's financial integration with the rest of the world lags far behind its trade integration, owing to long-standing capital controls and underdeveloped capital markets. Since 2009 Chinese policymakers have actively promoted the internationalization of the renminbi (RMB) and its use abroad,...

The relocation of more polluting industries in poorer countries due to gaps in environmental standards is known as the pollution haven effect, whereby the scale and the composition of output change across countries. Changes in the composition of the output mix might translate into changes of...