Human mortality has been improving faster than expected over the past few decades. This unprecedented improvement has caused significant financial stress to pension plan sponsors and annuity providers. The widely recognized Lee-Carter model often assumes linearity in its period effect as an...

Standardized longevity risk transfers often involve modeling mortality rates of multiple populations. Some researchers have found that mortality indexes of selected countries are cointegrated, meaning that a linear relationship exists between the indexes. Vector error correction model (VECM) was...