Purpose – Research on international marketing usually involves comparing different groups of respondents. When using structural equation modeling (SEM), group comparisons can be misleading unless researchers establish the invariance of their measures. While methods have been proposed to...

Discussions concerning different structural equation modeling methods draw on an increasing array of concepts and related terminology. As a consequence,misconceptions about the meaning of terms such as reflective measurement and common factor models as well as formative measurement and composite...

Uncovering unobserved heterogeneity is a requirement to obtain valid results when using structural equation modeling (SEM). Conventional segmentation methods usually fail in an SEM context because they account for the indicator data, but not for the latent variables and their relationships in...