effects on conditional volatility of positive and negative effects of equal magnitude, and possibly also leverage, which is …) showed that asymmetry was possible for GJR, but not leverage. McAleer and Hafner showed that leverage was not possible for … is shown that, in practice, EGARCH always displays asymmetry, though not leverage. …

value robust volatility estimator with respect to the standard robust volatility estimator as proposed in the paper by … Muneer & Maheswaran (2018b). We show that the robust volatility ratio is unbiased both in the population as well as in finite … samples. We empirically test the robust volatility ratio on 9 global stock indices from America, Asia Pacific and EMEA markets …