Using China's Cybersecurity Law (CSL) as an exogenous shock, I examine how personal data security affects stock crash risk. I find that the stock crash risk of treatment firms (which collect personal data) significantly decreases after the CSL, and such decrease is larger when firms face greater...

Cyber risk, defined as the risk of loss from dependence on computer systems and digital technologies, has grown in the financial system. Cyber events, especially cyberattacks, are among the top risks cited in financial stability surveys in the United States and globally

We categorized VPN's impact in to two different features; the affecting features, and affected feature. The affecting aspect of the impact encompass factors such as security, algorithms, hardware, and software. Whereas the affected feature of the like of network presentation. While VPN's have...

Despite a number of initiatives within the European Network and Information Security community to establish frameworks and standard operating procedures, the EU-level response to cyber incidents, and in particular those which lead to responding to crisis situations, lack consistency. Today,...

Lack of transparency in securitization transactions significantly contributed to the severe financial crisis of 20072009. To increase transparency we propose a new mechanism: financial claims with fingerprints. They would allow market participants at each stage of the securitization process to...