We investigate trade integration between members of the EU, NAFTA and Mercosur. The paper evaluates the ease of access to each of those markets from each other based on a benchmark consisting of trade within countries. This methodology, often labelled border effects, furnishes a new tool for the...

This paper estimates the degree of trade integration between Brazilian states and the magnitude of barriers faced by their exporters in the 1990s. Using the border effects methodology, we show that the Brazilian market remains highly fragmented, although integration is increasing. In 1991 an...

In this article, we examine the dynamics of Global Value Chains (GVCs) since the 2000s. Did it show a marked expansion up to the Great Recession and did GVCs begin a downturn in the 2010s? To better understand the evolution of GVCs at the world level, we use very detailed trade data for 2000 to...