A multiply-twisted helix, in which a one-dimensional array of components is twisted, producing a helix which if twisted itself produces a doubly-twisted helix, and so on, in which there are couplings between adjacent rounds of helices, was investigated using a cellular automaton and the spectral...

The universal occurrence of a hierarchical structure and its dynamic behavior in various types of group, living or abstract, are discussed. Here the word “group” refers not only to tangible aggregation but also to invisible aggregation of social psychological and of geopolitical meaning. The...