This study considers the instrumental variable estimation of factor models. Specifically, we investigate the weak instruments problem, which is not well investigated in the literature, in detail. We show that the signal-to-noise ratios, which are defined by the variance ratios of the common...

In this paper, we propose instrumental variables (IV) and generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators for panel data models with weakly exogenous variables. The model is allowed to include heterogeneous time trends besides the standard fixed effects. The proposed IV and GMM estimators are...

In this paper, we consider the instrumental variables (IV) estimation of factor models. In the psychometrics literature, although the two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator is routinely used in IV estimation of factor models, alternative estimators have been proposed in the econometrics...