In this paper we outline the Lagrangian constrained optimization method to solve complex problems subject to constraints. Firstly we summarize the Lagrangian constrained optimization routine. Secondly we outline a detailed implementation strategy. Thirdly and finally we provide example and solve...

The mining industry can be extremely volatile during times of economic downturn. We compare extreme risk in mining share portfolios from each of the world's seven leading mining areas using Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) which measures those risks beyond traditional Value at Risk (VaR)...

Linear programming is an important method for computing solutions to private information problems. The method is applicable for arbitrary specifications of the references and technology. Unfortunately, as the cardinality of underlying sets increases the programs quickly become too large to...

Economists regularly consider moral hazard when they analyze topics like insurance contracts, labor compensation, and financial regulation. The primer provided here describes moral hazard, its implications, and how to model it. The modeling strategy is to allow randomization in the contractual...