Although the practicability of using wavelet neural networks (WNNs) in nonlinear function approximation has been addressed extensively, selecting the optimal number of hidden nodes and their appropriate initial locations remains a great challenge for WNNs' initialization. The cuckoo search...

A recursive formula for computing the exact value of score vectors is proposed, which is more desirable than approximate values in some statistical analyses, for a general form of the linear Gaussian state space model. Unlike most extant methods, our formula calculates all components of the...