A new measure of hedging pressure in commodity options markets—commercial hedgers’ net short option exposure—predicts option returns and changes in the slope of implied volatility curves. Puts are more expensive, and calls are cheaper, when values of option hedging pressure are greater....

Investors often control risk exposure by trading options. This article studies the optimal strategy for liquidating an option position. Under both complete and incomplete market settings, we quantify the value of optimally timing to liquidate, and identify the situations where it is optimal to...