This study shows that state ownership affects the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activities on firm value, using data covering ESG performance of the entire cross-section of China’s stock markets. Taking the COVID-19 market crash as an exogenous shock, we find a positive...

This paper investigates whether investment spending of firms is sensitive to the availability of internal funds. Imperfect capital markets create a hierarchy for the different sources of funds such that investment and financial decisions are not independent. The relation between corporate...