We propose a refinement of the criterion by Bai and Ng [2002] for determining the number of static factors in factor models with large datasets. It consists in multiplying the penalty function by a constant which tunes the penalizing power of the function itself as in the Hallin and Lika [2007]...

We propose a refinement of the criterion by Bai and Ng [2002] for determining the number of static factors in factor models with large datasets. It consists in multiplying the penalty function times a constant which tunes the penalizing power of the function itself as in the Hallin and Lika...

We introduce an approximate dynamic factor model for modeling and forecasting large panels of realized volatilities. Since the model is estimated by means of principal components and low dimensional maximum likelihood, it does not suffer from the curse of dimensionality. We apply the model to a...