In an "activist risk arbitrage," a shareholder attempts to reshape an announced M&A through public campaigns, profi ting from improved terms. Activists target deals with low premiums, and those susceptible to managerial conflicts of interest, including going-private deals and deals upon which...

We provide empirical evidence on the adverse effects of supplier firms' environmental risk exposures on their relationships with principal customers. We document that supplier firms with high environmental risk are less likely to have principal customers. Moreover, from the principal customers'...