Originality has a self-evident importance for science, but objectively measuring originality poses a formidable challenge. We conceptualise originality as the degree to which a scientific discovery provides subsequent studies with unique knowledge that is not available from previous studies....

This report focusses on practical issues relating to the emergence of 'open science' and researchers' response to the opportunities created for collaboration and data development through innovative technology. It has been readily adopted by researchers because of pre-adaptation via many earlier...